How did the Indian Army overcome the challenges posed by the enemy's positioning in the Kargil War

1. Coordinated Use of Artillery and Infantry The Indian Army relied heavily on its artillery, especially Bofors guns, to target and destroy enemy bunkers and fortified positions on the heights. The devastating firepower of artillery was a key factor in neutralizing well-entrenched enemy troops, making it possible for infantry to advance and recapture peaks like Tololing and Tiger Hill. Infantry units, acclimatized to high-altitude warfare, executed uphill assaults under intense enemy fire, showcasing high levels of training and coordination. 2. Integration of Air Power The Indian Air Force launched Operation Safed Sagar, deploying aircraft such as MiG-21s, MiG-23s, MiG-27s, Mirage 2000s, and Jaguars to strike enemy supply lines and positions. These airstrikes significantly weakened enemy logistics and morale, despite the operational challenge of staying within the Line of Control. 3. Advanced Surveillance and Intelligence The Indian Army used unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellite imagery for real-time surveillance of enemy movements and positions. This technological edge allowed for better planning and precise targeting, reducing the element of surprise and improving situational awareness. Interception of enemy communications further aided in anticipating enemy plans and movements. 4. Secure and Effective Communication Secure communication systems, including satellite-based networks, ensured effective coordination between ground units, command centers, and supporting arms. This enabled synchronized operations and rapid response to changing battlefield conditions. 5. Overcoming Camouflage and Concealment Despite the enemy's use of camouflage and the rugged terrain for concealment, persistent surveillance, reconnaissance, and accurate artillery fire helped the Indian Army locate and target hidden positions. 6. Logistics and Adaptation Indian forces improved logistical support under fire, ensuring a continuous supply of ammunition, food, and medical aid to troops in inhospitable terrain.